Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143, USA, L. A. Fisk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0646-2279, J. C. Kasper https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-930X, Received 2020 March 3 Classifieds in the New Bern Sun Journal list real estate, auctions, pets, products and services for sale and much more. In illustration B, the open field line is dragged through the loop, and undergoes interchange reconnection, creating a smaller loop, and an open field line with a large S-shaped switchback (C) that propagates outward into the corona at the Alfvn speed. At solar minimum, open magnetic flux is transported downward and upward in heliographic latitude at the higher latitudes, and parallel to the current sheet at lower latitudes, driven by the need to maintain magnetic pressure balance in the corona. The SWEAP Investigation is supported under the same contract. The heliosphere contains a single current sheet, separating two hemispheres of open magnetic flux of opposite magnetic polarity. Subscribe. Home delivery customers will have access at no additional cost to their print subscription. The ocean integrates the atmospheric forcing of the NAO as a result of the large inertia and responds by causing changes in the ocean circulation with a time lag of about one decade (Li et al., 2013; Gulev and Latif, 2015; Sun et al., 2015b). element pattern has moved, thus providing meridional flow and differential rotation velocities for each rotation of the Sun. Our analysis also shows evidence of that the meridional flow turns poleward again below 0.82 R{sub Sun }, indicating an existence of a second meridional circulation cell below the shallower one. It remains attached to the solar surface. Since the durations of the switchback follow power-law distributions, it is difficult to assess the mean properties of a switchback, but each 100 s switchback with a 10 km s1 jump in the transverse flow of the solar wind can be thought of as transporting a field line approximately 10,000 km transverse to the radial, and should yield average transverse speeds consistent with observations. Lockport Union-Sun and Journal. Its membership of about 7,000 individuals also includes physicists, mathematicians, geologists, engineers, and others whose research and educational interests lie within the broad spectrum of subjects comprising contemporary astronomy. This represents one of the first positive detections of the Sun's meridional return flow and illustrates the power of using supergranules to probe the Sun's internal dynamics. HMI magnetograms averaged over 720 s are first mapped into heliographic coordinates. Based on the in situ observations, numerical simulations (Van der Holst et al. 2019; Kasper et al. : Originating Research Org. Unlike the noisier MDI measurements, no evidence of a meridional flow counter-cell is seen in either hemisphere with the HMI measurements: poleward flow continues all the way to the poles. The observed level of global circulation is more than 25 times larger than the WeberDavis model, which predicts flows of about 2 km s 1 at PSP distances from the Sun for an Alfvn point at 10 solar radii, implying much higher rates of angular momentum loss by the solar wind and resulting spindown of solar rotation. The relative amplitudes of the perturbed magnetic field and velocity within each spike are consistent with them being stable, nonlinear, and large amplitude Alfvn waves (Kasper et al. Low-energy electrons in particular follow field lines, and the Parker spiral magnetic field, lying on cones of constant heliographic latitude, provides no means for electrons to be transported from low to high latitudes. Back to article image view << Previous issue < Previous article. Initial results from the first two encounters have been reported (Bale et al. The open magnetic flux moves through the corona to maintain magnetic pressure balance. Accepted 2020 April 16 Figure 11: The mean meridional circulation (averaged over turbulence) as found by Passos, Charbonneau, and Miesch [65] from their numerical simulation of the solar convection. Click here to see your options. In this regime, meridional flows driven at the base of the convection zone are of sufficient amplitude to hold back the interior magnetic field against diffusion. To impart a polar component into the heliospheric magnetic field, the open magnetic flux must be in motion in heliographic latitude in the solar corona, in addition to being attached to the rotating Sun. These asymmetries should contribute to the observed asymmetries in the polar fields and the timing of their reversals. Experience. We focus on Carrington rotations 2096-2107 (2010 April to 2011 March)-the overlap interval between HMI and the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI). circulation sales manager at Sun Journal Lewiston, Maine 59 connections. The PSP observations of the switchbacks also provide compelling evidence that the required transport of open flux at the base of the corona is by interchange reconnection between open magnetic field lines and large coronal loops, as illustrated in Figure 1 and predicted by Fisk & Schwadron (2001) and Fisk (2005). For the parameter values used in existing numerical simulations, on the other hand, we find that meridional flows are significantly weaker and, we argue, unable to confine the interior field. The angular momentum carried by the solar wind and accelerated in the transverse direction by magnetic torques is predicted to reach its maximum at the Alfvn point, after which the angular momentum causes the solar wind transverse velocity to decrease inversely with distance, with some enhancement as the development of the Parker spiral converts magnetic angular momentum into particle angular momentum, which is then lost to the Sun. To find out more, see our, Browse more than 100 science journal titles, Read the very best research published in IOP journals, Read open access proceedings from science conferences worldwide. The only possibility then is that open magnetic flux is transported in a band that surrounds the heliospheric current sheet, from one side of the Sun to the other, thereby creating a continuous circulation pattern of open magnetic flux, downward and upward in heliographic latitude at the higher latitudes, and parallel to the current sheet at lower latitudes. 16: No. If both ends of the field line were connected to the Sun, a heat flux would be seen traveling in opposite directions along the field simultaneously, and if the events were U-shaped disconnections of field near the HCS, the heat flux would drop out. Jody, a Lewiston native with more then 30 years of advertising, marketing and business development experience, started working at the Sun Journal as a part time employee taking classified ads in 1988. We argue that the problem lies in the choice of parameters for which these numerical simulations have been performed. 2020), the spacecraft is thought to have spent the entire interval inside 0.25 au (54 solar radii), just below the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) in the southern magnetic hemisphere of the Sun (Szabo et al. Mean transverse proton flow VpT with latitude. While naturally evolving turbulence in the expanding solar wind could also produce switchbacks (Vasquez & Hollweg 1996; Squire et al. Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. I want Lockport Union-Sun & Journal in print and available digitally everywhere I am. 2019). Call: 252-638-8101 Newsletter; Sign up for our newsletter and have the top headlines from your community delivered right to your inbox. For example, in the several days surrounding the first encounter with the Sun, all switchbacks with a rotation of the magnetic field greater than 45 had the rotation in the field and the correlated increase in velocity pointed in the solar equatorial plane in the same direction as the transverse flow from the global circulation (Kasper et al. Journal Home; Current Issue; See All Issues; Stroke. You will only need to do this once. 2020). 1995). In Figure 2 we replot the same data from Figure 4 of Kasper et al. The dependence of the transverse flow on latitude is just as strong as the dependence on radial distance, suggesting that distance from the heliospheric current sheet or the midlatitude coronal hole could be a factor in setting the amplitude of the circulation. 1945 - 2020 Obituary. We construct a simple analytical magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar interior and identify, Recent analysis revealed that supergranules (convection cells seen at the Sun's surface) are advected by the zonal flows at depths equal to the widths of the cells themselves. This comparison indicates that these HMI images are rotated counterclockwise by 0. It does not publish a Sunday edition. [ARTICLE] Yang Zhao, Xiangde Xu, Jiao Li, Rong Zhang, Yanzhen Kang, Wubin Huang, Yu Xia, Di Liu, Xiaoyun Sun, The LargeScale Circulation Patterns Responsible for Extreme Precipitation Over the North China Plain in Midsummer, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 10.1029/2019JD030583, 124, 23, (12794-12809), (2019). To date, no self-consistent numerical simulation of the solar interior has succeeded in reproducing the observed thinness of the solar tachocline and the persistence of uniform rotation beneath it. Nor can the open flux accumulate on one side of the Sun. We determine the characteristic cell size associated with each time lag by comparing the equatorial zonal flows measured at different time lags with the zonal flows associated with different cell sizes from a Fourier analysis. 2019). 2019; Horbury et al. Click here.. Not a subscriber? Number 1 Go to page containing this article. Though its history dates back to 1847, the Sun For realistic solar parameter values, our results are in broad agreement with the tachocline model of Gough and McIntyre. With the confirmation that there is interchange reconnection on every open magnetic field line embedded in a closed field region, models for the acceleration of the slow solar wind in particular need to be revisited. Several trends are immediately apparent. During solar minimum conditions the heliospheric current sheet lies near the solar equatorial plane. Transl.) The simplest three-dimensional shape of the folds is an S-shaped structure, the same as is illustrated in Figure 1. There are many of them and they occur in all types of solar wind, such as regular slow solar wind, highly Alfvnic slow solar wind near the boundary of a coronal hole, and fast wind emerging from a midlatitude coronal hole, suggesting that the process that created them occurs in all types of solar wind and their source regions in the corona (Bale et al. 2, 294-9(1972). 2009; Horbury et al. This can be compared with the observational Figure 2. Symbols correspond to the inbound and outbound phases of encounters one (E1) and two (E2). (2019) also reported that the solar wind develops a substantial flow component transverse to the radial direction below 0.25 au that increased more than linearly with distance as the spacecraft approached the Sun. not identified Sponsoring Org. 2020). A reversal of the field could be due to a traveling fold in the magnetic field in the solar wind, a small patch of open coronal magnetic field with the opposite polarity of the southern magnetic hemisphere overall, a closed magnetic loop, a disconnected U-shaped loop, or a flapping motion of the global HCS causing it to move rapidly across the spacecraft. The implications of this confirmation of the global circulation of open magnetic flux and the importance of interchange reconnection is discussed. SUBSCRIBE NOW. Given the phase of the solar cycle, if PSP was in the southern magnetic hemisphere, the solar wind magnetic field should always have had a magnetic polarity oriented inward toward the Sun. The American Astronomical Society. Circulation: 11,486 daily in 2006: Website: lockportjournal.com: The Lockport Union-Sun & Journal is a six-day (Monday through Saturday) morning newspaper published in Lockport, New York, United States, and covering municipalities in eastern Niagara County. However, it shortly became evident that the transport of the heliospheric magnetic field in latitude had profound consequences for basic solar processes, such as the acceleration of the solar wind, the formation of coronal holes, even potentially the solar dynamo. of Atmospheric Physics, Moscow OSTI Identifier: 4609651 Moreover, the large observed transverse flows are part of a closed global circulation pattern, and within a closed system, angular momentum is conserved. support of all Slbley students. Temple University. Its publishing company, IOP Publishing, is a world leader in professional scientific communications. By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. 2. News Sports Entertainment Lifestyle Opinion Nation / World Obituaries E-Edition Legals. Figure 2. These cross-correlation results are dominated by larger and deeper cells at longer time lags. The profiles indicate that HMI data can be used to reliably measure these axisymmetric flow velocities to at least within 5 Degree-Sign of the poles. This site uses cookies. 2020). Parker Solar Probe was designed, built, and is now operated by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory as part of NASA's Living with a Star (LWS) program (contract NNN06AA01C). (A) shows how the component of the meridional circulation varies over the meridional plane. Its daily circulation is approximately 18,600, making it one of the most-read dailies in the state. The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a leading scientific society promoting physics and bringing physicists together for the benefit of all. It is unphysical for an electron heat flux to flow back toward the Sun, and instead the only remaining conclusion is that the switchbacks are local folds in the magnetic field. 2020). (2019) and in Case et al. If the HCS were somehow dynamically flapping across the spacecraft the heat flux would continue to travel away from the Sun as the field polarity flipped. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) has an important role in the Earth's climate system, but it remains unclear how the instrumentally observed multidecadal variability of the Earth's climate is related to the AMOC. Published 2020 April 29, Solar magnetic fields ; Solar wind ; Solar coronal loops. 2020. As part of our commitment to quality service we have our subscriber services available to you 24/7. There are also models in which interchange reconnection between open magnetic flux and coronal loops, the Poynting flux it creates, and the displacement from equilibrium of the coronal magnetic field that it causes can accelerate the solar wind (Fisk et al. Kasper et al. Join to Connect. 2020). Measurements of the direction of the electron heat flux and the cross-helicity conclusively show that these events are of the first kind, folds in the magnetic field that travel past the spacecraft (Kasper et al. Save 90%. Get the latest breaking news, sports, entertainment and obituaries in New Bern, NC from New Bern Sun Journal. Here, we characterize the axisymmetric flows by applying a magnetic feature cross-correlation procedure to high-resolution magnetograms obtained by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. Journal Home; Current Issue; See All Issues; Circ: Heart Failure. Here we probe the structure of the meridional circulation by cross-correlating maps of the Doppler velocity signal using a series of successively longer time lags between maps. Sun Journal epaper. 2020. There are also legal notices and personal sections available. If you have a user account, you will need to reset your password the next time you login. This double-cell meridional circulation profile with an equatorward flow shallower than previously thought suggests a rethinking of how magnetic field is generated and redistributed inside the Sun. The magnetic field pressure in the corona is dominant, and substantial variations in magnetic pressure do not occur. This preferred orientation can persist for days at a time. The observations presented in the previous section provide confirmation that there is global circulation of open magnetic flux, which is made possible by interchange reconnection between open magnetic flux and large coronal loops, as predicted by Fisk & Schwadron (2001) and Fisk (2005). General Questions; Use this number if you are uncertain to whom your question should be addressed. Las Vegas Sun Authors: Starr, V P; Gilman, P A Publication Date: Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 1968 Research Org. N32150* -Physics-Astrophysics-Solar Phenomena, SUNSPOTS/movements of, hypothesis for circulation of Sun's atmosphere from, McCaslin, J. O., E-mail: tsw25@soe.ucsc.edu. Sun Journal. Remarkably, over periods of hours to days the deflection of the magnetic field within larger switchbacks tends to deflect in a similar direction (Horbury et al. The Parker Solar Probe, on its initial encounters with the Sun, has provided direct confirmation of both the global circulation and the physical mechanism by which the circulation occurs, transport by interchange reconnection between open magnetic flux and large coronal loops. This conclusion is additionally supported by the observation that the perturbed magnetic field within each event tends to rotate in one direction in a 2D plane, and then return to the original quiet orientation afterward (Kasper et al. Strips from these maps are then cross-correlated to determine the distances in latitude and longitude that the magnetic. Sun Press - News, sports, business, entertainment, living and blogs covering Beachwood, Cleveland Heights, Shaker Heights and University Heights The American Astronomical Society (AAS), established in 1899 and based in Washington, DC, is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America. shorter lifetimes and do not contribute to the correlated signal at longer time lags.) The red curves represent open magnetic field lines and the blue curves, large coronal loops. Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. 2020), a possibility supported by initial simulations that the switchbacks could survive intact from the lower corona to PSP (Tenerani et al. Export citation and abstract Launch ePaper. 1999; Fisk 2003). The open magnetic field lines are undergoing global circulation in the overlying corona, while still being attached to the solar surface. Already a subscriber but don't have a user name or password? $3 for 3 months. It has a worldwide membership of around 50 000 comprising physicists from all sectors, as well as those with an interest in physics. Instead, the large transverse flows observed by PSP are a result of transverse flows in the corona. 2021 - powered by Vision Data The open magnetic flux is attached to the rotating Sun, and thus particularly near the current sheet, any transverse flow in the corona that is different from the solar rotation rate requires that the open flux is also transported at the base of the corona at a speed comparable to that of the excess between the transverse flow speed and the rotation rate. A persistent orientation of the switchbacks, along with statistical studies of the time between switchbacks and their durations, all strongly suggest that they originate close to the Sun (Dudok de Wit et al. Sun News - News, sports, business, entertainment, living and blogs covering Greater Cleveland suburbs 10,813 talking about this. The award-winning Maine news organization covering Androscoggin, Oxford and Franklin counties. In the classic WeberDavis model (Weber & Davis 1967), the lower corona is assumed to rotate rigidly at the mean rotational period of the Sun and to force the solar wind to develop a transverse flow component as it expands outward. Thousands of individual events with durations greater than several seconds are seen in the 11 days below 0.25 au, allowing for preliminary studies of their statistical properties. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0168-100, THE SUN'S MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION AND INTERIOR MAGNETIC FIELD, https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/738/1/47, SUPERGRANULES AS PROBES OF THE SUN'S MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION, https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/84, MEASUREMENTS OF THE SUN'S HIGH-LATITUDE MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION, https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/761/1/L14, DETECTION OF EQUATORWARD MERIDIONAL FLOW AND EVIDENCE OF DOUBLE-CELL MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION INSIDE THE SUN, https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/774/2/L29. This association gives a characteristic cell size of {approx}50 Mm at a 24 hr time lag. In the original work by Fisk & Schwadron (2001) and Fisk (2005) the S-shaped switchbacks were not expected to survive in the corona; rather, the open magnetic field line would simply relax so as to maintain constant magnetic pressure in the corona. Support from the LWS management and technical team has played a critical role in the success of the Parker Solar Probe mission. In 1995, the Ulysses spacecraft orbiting over the south pole of the Sun observed 26 day increases in the intensity of a few hundred keV electrons and 0.5 MeV protons, which gave every evidence of having originated from corotating interaction regions that lie within 30 of the solar equatorial plane (Simnett et al. We should recall that the polar magnetic field that begins a new magnetic cycle of the Sun is the magnetic field in the polar coronal holes, open magnetic flux, not the magnetic field of active regions that migrate to the poles, and it is necessary to transport the open flux to the poles. The mission of the AAS is to enhance and share humanity's scientific understanding of the universe. The Sun Journal is a member of the North Carolina Press Association. The closed global circulation flows of open flux can neither add nor subtract angular momentum, and indeed, to within our limited observations of the global flow patterns, there are both positive and negative flows. Need Help? 2019; Badman et al. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, isoflavone intake was inversely associated with CHD (pooled hazard ratio [HR] comparing the extreme quintiles: 0.87 [95% CI, 0.810.94]; P=0.008).Consumption of tofu, but not soy milk, was inversely associated with the risk of CHD, with 2019). SUBSCRIBE NOW. The observed transverse flows are consistent with the global circulation of open magnetic flux predicted by Fisk & Schwadron (2001) and Fisk (2005). The Sun Journal has a daily circulation of 9,000 and a Sunday circulation of 10,500. Instead, PSP always observes the heat flux to remain constant in intensity and to rotate with the magnetic field. Vancouver Sun offers information on latest national and international events & more. Lockport Carol J. Peters passed away December 27, 2020 in Buffalo General Medical Center. 2020). 2019; Horbury et al. The global circulation of open flux in the corona resolves this problem because it removes the assumption that the coronal field lines must rigidly rotate with the surface of the Sun. The work of Fisk (1996) was obviously of interest to studies of the heliosphere. Next article > Next issue >> SIBLEY JOURNAL TO BOOST CIRCULATION. A substantial and highly significant equatorward flow (4.6 {+-} 0.4 m s{sup -1}) is found at a time lag of 28 hr corresponding to a depth of {approx}70 Mm. These observations also make clear that interchange reconnection is a ubiquitous process in the solar corona, and as a result many of the ideas and concepts that have served as the basis for our understanding of the solar magnetic field and the solar wind require some reconsideration. Born July 13, 1945 in Buffalo, she was the daughter of George and Iva (Roberts) Wooley. Volume 894, These events have been termed switchbacks, when referring to the change in magnetic field direction, or velocity spikes, when referring to the sharp increase in solar wind speed (Bale et al. Edmonton Sun offers information on latest national and international events & more. Shown in Figure 1 is a simple schematic of the transport mechanism of Fisk & Schwadron (2001) and Fisk (2005). Read western and central Maine news on paper or on your computer with a Lewiston Sun Journal newspaper subscription. After removing a systematic center-to-limb effect in the helioseismic measurements and performing inversions for flow speed, we find that the poleward meridional flow of a speed of 15 m s{sup -1} extends in depth from the photosphere to about 0.91 R{sub Sun }. In addition, the New Bern Sun Journal also publishes special automotive and jobs sections where readers can browse popular automotive and job-related listings. The displacements result in a diffusion of open flux along the solar surface, with the displacements oriented preferentially in the direction of motion required to maintain magnetic pressure balance in the solar corona. Putting all these effects together, Fisk (1996) showed that the magnetic field from the polar coronal hole moves systematically in latitude, downward on one side of the Sun and upward on the other side, thereby imparting a polar component to the heliospheric magnetic field. Under these circumstances, open magnetic flux can be eliminated only if two oppositely directed open magnetic field lines reconnect at the current sheet, inside the Alfvn point, thereby forming two U'-shaped loops, one that remains attached to the Sun, and the other that is carried outward with the solar wind, eliminating open flux from the heliosphere. The Lewiston Sun Journal keeps readers up to date on news and events in Maine's second-largest city. We find that the poleward meridional flow decreases in amplitude with time lag and reverses direction to become an equatorward return flow at time lags >24 hr. In summary, the most compelling explanation for the switchbacks in the magnetic field, and their accompanying spikes in the solar wind velocity, is that the switchbacks and spikes are the remnants of the interchange reconnection process in the lower corona proposed by Fisk & Schwadron (2001) and Fisk (2005), and illustrated in Figure 1. (2020). The observed level of global circulation is more than 25 times larger than the WeberDavis model, which predicts flows of about 2 km s1 at PSP distances from the Sun for an Alfvn point at 10 solar radii, implying much higher rates of angular momentum loss by the solar wind and resulting spindown of solar rotation. Using the first 2 yr of continuous helioseismology observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic Magnetic Imager, we analyze travel times of acoustic waves that propagate through different depths of the solar interior carrying information about the solar interior dynamics. While there may be some evidence of instability and dissipation at the boundaries of the spikes, to first order they are steady, non-evolving S-shaped folds in the magnetic field produced closer to the Sun and flowing faster than the solar wind at approximately the local Alfvn speed (Mozer et al. 2020). Published 2020 April 29 Charles Leighton Gordon Corbin, preferably called Doug since he was a child, quietly passed away January 5, 2021. Launched in 2018 August, PSP has completed four encounters with the Sun, three into 35 solar radii and one into 28 solar radii. The 1 error bars shown are dominated by the natural variance of the wind and not the much smaller uncertainties in the measurements as described in Kasper et al. The global circulation pattern of open flux may also have implications for the solar dynamo. Contact us by phone for assistance. 2006). It is owned by Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Although it has long been recognized that the meridional flow is predominantly poleward at the Sun's surface and in its shallow interior, the location of the equatorward return flow and the meridional flow profile in the deeper interior remain unclear. 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